RG chap 22 Essay - 2088 Words

Name _______________________ Period _________ Chapter 22: Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life As you study this chapter, read several paragraphs at a time to catch the flow of ideas and understand the reasoning that is being described. In some places, the text describes a narrative or story of events that led to Darwin’s theory of evolution. Therefore, first read the narrative to absorb the big picture and then return to answer the few questions that accompany this material. Overview 1. Define evolution broadly and then give a narrower definition, as discussed in the overview. Evolution: Descent with modification; the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the†¦show more content†¦inheritance of acquired characteristics: This idea states that an organism could pass these modifications of use and disuse to its offspring. 8. Although Lamarck’s mechanism of evolution does not explain the changes in species over time, his thinking has been influential. What is considered to be the great importance of his ideas? Lamarck recognized that the match of organisms to their environments can be explained by gradual evolutionary change rather than special creation. Concept 22.2 Descent with modification by natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms and the unity and diversity of life 9. Charles Darwin proposed that the mechanism of evolution is natural selection and that it explains how adaptations arise. What are adaptations? Give two examples of adaptations. Adaptations are inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments. Possible examples include the mottled coloration of a fawn that allows it to blend with its environment, or the sharp talons and beaks of birds of prey so well suited for predation. 10. Explain the process of natural selection. In the process of natural selection, individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. Copyright  © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. -2- 11. Let’s try to summarize Darwin’s observations thatShow MoreRelatedIntroduction to Network Implementation Essay6037 Words   |  25 Pagesreplacing it with Cat-6 in the imminent future should you choose this direction. TWISTED PAIR Table [ 1 ] * Two wires that carry the data signals (one conductor carries a positive signal; one carries a negative signal). They are made of 22 or 24 gauge copper wiring. * Two wires are twisted to reduce the effects of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and crosstalk. Because the wires are twisted, EMI should affect both wires equally and can be cancelled out. * Multiple wire pairs areRead MoreRelevant Cost for Decision Making Chapter 1312139 Words   |  49 Pagesoverhead per box of Chap-Off would be $0.50, as shown below: |Total manufacturing overhead cost per box of Chap-Off |$1.40 | |Less fixed portion ($90,000 à · 100,000 boxes) |  0.90 | |Variable overhead cost per box |$0.50 | The total variable costs of producing one box of Chap-Off would be: Read MoreA Concise Guide to Market Research Using Spss71933 Words   |  288 Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 2 4 5 7 8 8 11 11 12 13 13 14 15 16 16 19 20 20 20 21 21 21 22 22 23 2 xiii xiv Contents 3 Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Analyzing the Effective Growth of Population in Alberta

It is difficult to presume what would happen if one day Alberta’s population has the lowest average of population expansion ? As Johnston and Maclennan (2008) indicate, â€Å"Alberta’s population growth continued to be the highest among all provinces† (para. 1). At the same time, fast development of urban areas, stable economy and oil reserves attract newcomers to move the province of Alberta. In addition, the government of Alberta takes all possible measures to increase the quality of life and develop health facilities for all population groups. Furthermore, Alberta’s population expectations observe the significant changes in the future birth rates, which play very important role for the community growth. The purpose of this paper is to†¦show more content†¦Moreover, because of high living standard has been improved very significantly, females become to live longer as same as males. Even though, because of increased well-treatment during the pregnancy, improved social and health conditions, obtained knowledge of using vaccines and antibiotics would help to increase the death rates in a first year of life. At the same time, government of Canada attempt to find possible solutions how to produce the population and increase the death rates. The best way according to Public health agency of Canada (2001) is to improve society healthcare and â€Å"The Population Health Template: Key Elements and Actions That Define A Population Health Approach†. The project of improving healthcare is a very important concept for all inhabitants around Canada. It is in the government’s hands to attract more Canadians to participate in physical activities, improve mental and social welfare. In other words, how strong effective the commercial and social projects will be, that more communities would understand how healthcare is important in our daily life to produce our humans being. Future predictions Finally, according to impetuous demographic development in migration to this area, and previous growth trends in population developing in Alberta; there are some projections in residents rise in the next hundred years. According to Roderic Beaujot and Don Kerr (2007), center of attention of population projects is a future calculation of migration,Show MoreRelatedHealth Informatics And The Health System1717 Words   |  7 Pageshealth care by assessing, analyzing, integrating, and applying health communication and informational systems (Anderson, 2007). Health informatics schemes are funded federally and implemented provincially in Canada with each province creating its own dynamic programs to help improve both the population and individuals health outcomes, enhance patient’s care and to strengthen the patients-caregiver relationship (Anderson, 2007) . Such programs are Ehealth Ontario, and Alberta Netcare. Electron HealthRead MoreImpact of Promotional Activities at Mall and Consumer Behaviour9163 Words   |  37 Pages Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION:- A shopping mall or shopping centre is a building or set of buildings which contain retail units, with interconnecting walkways enabling visitors to easily walk from unit to unit. The population is moving towards the middle class or upper middle class this is resulting in the higher disposable income. A shopping center enclosed within a large structure; often two or three stories high, often designed around a central atrium; may have numerousRead MoreFracking Transportation And Modeling : A Literature Review3710 Words   |  15 Pagestransportation modeling 16 Frac sand and its transportation 18 3.1.2 Outbound movements 19 Waste water disposal 19 Drill cuttings 20 Production: oil, natural gas liquids (NGL) and natural gas 21 Natural gas 21 Oil and Natural gas liquids 22 3.1.3 Population growth impact 23 4.0 Supply Chains in the Tuscaloosa Marine Shale Case Study Area 24 4.1 Overview of the TMS play 24 4.2 Challenges and opportunities 25 4.3 Transportation issues 27 4.3.1 Transportation of frac sand 28 4.3.2 Transportation of waterRead MoreEssay on Grease Monkey Wipes5191 Words   |  21 Pagesvehicles, such as cars or motorcycles, to permanent marker ink, paint and even crayons. The product itself contains non-toxic, all natural citrus oils, which were extracted from left over oranges, and herein lies the secret of the product being such an effective cleaning tool, and hence, also making it environmentally friendly, which a lot of consumers, increasingly, look for in a product these days. In addition to all this, the product is sold in small packs, meaning that it is very portable, and can beRead MoreGuidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data5629 Words   |  23 Pagesinnovation is in Zambia and if at all measures such as a framework are in place. Innovation generally refers to renewing, changing or creating more effective processes, products or ways of doing things. For businesses, this could mean implementing new ideas, creating dynamic products or improving yo ur existing services. Innovation can be a catalyst for the growth and success of your business, and help you adapt and grow in the marketplace. Being innovative does not mean inventing; innovation can mean changingRead MoreWhich Determinants Influence Foreign Investors Offshore Outsourcing Decision In Bangladesh Case Study7944 Words   |  32 PagesContribution: 1. The managers or executives will get an idea about a comparative offshoring destination to find out their appropriate suppliers for manufacturing activities. In this regard, obviously Bangladesh with an abundance of relatively low cost, effective and skilled labor force can offer attractive outsourcing opportunities for foreign buyers. 2. The top management of companies who are involved in outsourcing decision making like managers as well as a business operation executive will get concreteRead MoreThe Entrepreneurial Mind-18021 Words   |  73 Pagesby expecting stable sales, profits, and growth. Because small firms include those purchased as already established businesses as well as franchises, small-business owners can be viewed as managers of small businesses. On the other hand, entrepreneurial ventures are those for which the entrepreneur’s principal objectives are innovation, profitability, and growth. Thus, the business is characterized by innovative strategic practices and sustainable growth. Entrepreneurs and their financial backersRead MoreTracer Study19735 Words   |  79 Pagesadult South Africans are functionally illiterate, and millions of South African children and youth are learning in school conditions which resemble those in the most impoverished states. In the large, poorly-resourced sectors for the majority of the population, a majority of students drop out prematurely or fail senior certificate, and a small minority win entrance to higher education.... The national and provincial Ministries of Education are dealing daily with the legacy of South Africas historicallyRead MoreSanitation Practices of High School Canteens7891 Words   |  32 Pagesabout the Sanitation Practices of selected High School Canteens in Poblacion Nasugbu, Batangas. It refers to the process on how the canteen manager, canteen staff work, perform their functions and apply sanitation in the school canteen to achieve effective efficient and healthy food production and services. The profil e of the school canteen in term of operating capacity, manpower requirements and facilities. Level of compliance of the selected private and public school sanitation in terms of personalRead MoreA Study on Sales Promotional Activities of Pepsico12595 Words   |  51 Pageseach media:- Newspaper Magazines, Radio, TV, Hoarding, Product of sales materials (paintings, glow signs, D. Board) Advertising is one of the important factors which all put together results sales. It has to be backed by the distribution network, effective servicing, dealer, goodwill and so on. Thus advertising has to be very carefully woven with the entire demands of marketing. MERCHANDISING/ DISPLAYS Proper merchandising and display at the store level promotes sales; it promotes the consumer to

Oedipus the King and Ghost - 1009 Words

The two famous playwrights Oedipus the King by Sophocles, written thousands of years back for Greek audiences and Ghosts by Henrik Ibsen which was written as a criticism of the Norwegian society in the 1890’s. The universal theme that both Sophocles and Ibsen explored in their plays is that people are punished through their own actions, and unfortunately those ungrateful events can occur to essentially good people, who suffer through no fault of their own, but as a result of the actions by others. In Oedipus the king, Oedipus was a very powerful figure in the play; he was born the son of Laius and Jocasta, the king and queen of Thebes. When they heard the Apollo’s prophecy which was foretold that Oedipus will†¦show more content†¦The death of Jocasta and Captain Alving associated with their actions are presented in both playwrights. In Oedipus the king, Jocasta committed suicide when she discovered that Oedipus was the murderer of Laius and her biological son. She is suffering through the actions which she has committed; she can no longer live with the shameful and incestuous life. Her actions to defy the gods lead to her suffering and death. In Ghosts, Captain Alving Peng 001096-039 dies as a result of his own intemperance. His death was associated with the disease that he had, which was a result of his excessive indulgence in sensual pleasures. The suffering of incestuous relationship explored in both plays was caused by the actions of the parents. As a result, Oedipus was banned from the society because he is ironically looking for the murderer of Laius and the culprit responsible for the problems. Oedipus was exiled from the Thebes and he was considered a curse to the society. His children are also exiled because they are socially unaccepted as well since they are considered children of incest. Similarly, in Ghosts, Oswald shows romantic interest in Regina, which he later found out the incestuous relationship, this occurred as a result of Captain Alving’s actions. Oswald not only suffers through the disease that was passed to him by his father, but also the shame of the action andShow MoreRelatedHamlet And Oedipus The King1668 Words   |  7 Pagesgood, but end up causing their own death. Sophocles’ â€Å"Oedipus the King† tells the life of a king named Oedipus who is trying to solve the mu rder case of the former king. A similar plotline is seen in Shakespeare’s â€Å"Hamlet†, where Hamlet tries to uncover who killed his father, who was also the king before his untimely death. Both characters set out to do something good, but create many problems and ultimately find themselves corrupted. Oedipus’ initial introduction presents the character as a well-roundedRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Oedipus The King And Hamlet887 Words   |  4 Pages What is the different between Oedipus the King and Hamlet. Oedipus the King was written by Sophocles in 430-425 BCE. Oedipus the King is about King Oedipus finding out his true origins and him fulfilling a prophecy. In order to save his Kingdom Oedipus has to find out who murdered the king before him. Looking for the murderer Oedipus begins to learn about his origins and true self. Hamlet on the other hand is about a Hamlet, the prince of Denmark, trying to avenge his fathers death. There are manyRead More William Shakespeares Hamlet and Sophocles Oedipus the King1362 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet and Sophocles Oedipus the King   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though Shakespeares’ Hamlet and Sophocles’ Oedipus the King were written in two different eras, echoes of the latter can be found in the former. The common theme of Hamlet and Oedipus the King is regicide. Also, like in Oedipus the King, there is a direct relationship between the state of the state and the state of their kings. Furthermore, there is also a relationship between Oedipus’ armed entrance into the bedroom in which JocastaRead MoreEssay on Oedipus and Hamlet1424 Words   |  6 PagesProfessor Mihailovic 5-14-01 Though Shakespeares Hamlet and Sophocles Oedipus the King were written in two different eras, echoes of the latter can be found in the former. The common theme of Hamlet and Oedipus the King is regicide. Also, like in Oedipus the King, there is a direct relationship between the state of the state and the state of their kings. Furthermore, there is also a relationship between Oedipus armed entrance into the bedroom in which Jocasta hanged herself, and HamletsRead More No Oedipal Complex Found in Hamlet Essay1150 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet to be the Oedipus complex.nbsp; According to the story of Oedipus, Laius, his father, learned from an oracle that Oedipus would kill him.nbsp; Laius then left his son to die on a mountain, where he was found and raised by the King of Corinth.nbsp; Oedipus was also told that he would someday kill his own father, and fled Corinth because he believed that the King of Corinth was his real father.nbsp; On Oedipuss journey, he passes Laius on the ro ad, they argue and Oedipus kills Laius, withoutRead MoreDifferences Between Oedipus And Hamlet982 Words   |  4 PagesConsidering King Oedipus’s self-inflicted blindness and Hamlet’s overwhelming thirst for his own stepfather’s blood, it seems that both men have lost their minds. However, these men are not truly mentally unhinged, but rather incredibly devoted to their religious ideals. Hamlet, a Catholic, believes that his actions will determine his afterlife; the way he acts, though crazy, is an attempt to please God and avoid eternal damnation. King Oedipus, a follower of Apollo and the Greek gods, acts irresponsiblyRead More The Protagonist as Victim in Oedipus the King and Hamlet Essay727 Words   |  3 PagesVictim in Oedipus the King and Hamlet      Ã‚  Ã‚   In Sophocles Oedipus the King and William Shakespeares Hamlet, the unruly forces surrounding the protagonists are the source for their downfall. Fate, women, and divine intervention are the foundation for the protagonists demise. The protagonists are powerless against these elements, and for that reason, are not responsible for their finish. The uncontrollable force of fate is one component that assists in destroying Oedipus. Oedipus cannotRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Shakespeare s Hamlet 1599 Words   |  7 Pagesbut I didn’t dwell on what happened instead I changed it into a positive out look on life and it has made me a different person and makes me want to do better in life each day. I believe that Hamlet was the best to achieve being a Tragic Hero than Oedipus did; because of the way he handled his tragedy. William Shakespeare’s play â€Å"Hamlet† was a very good poem. I, personally, love reading play and poems from Shakespeare. I have always wanted to read Hamlet and after reading it through this class IRead More Sigmund Freuds Oedipus Complex Essay1355 Words   |  6 PagesOedipus Complex It is the fate of all of us, perhaps, to direct our first sexual impulse towards our mother and our first hatred and our first murderous wish against our father. - Sigmund Freud(Clark, 122) The Oedipus conflict or complex is a concept developed by Sigmund Freud to explain the origin of certain psychological disorders in childhood. It is defined as a childs unconscious desire for the exclusive love of the parent of the opposite sex. This desire includes jealousy toward the parentRead More Comparison of Oedipus and Hamlet Essay1322 Words   |  6 PagesComparison of Oedipus and Hamlet Compare and contrast Oedipus and Hamlet. Is Oedipus more a man of action? Or is he more a man driven by whim and sudden, rash decisions? Which character is more selfless? Does Hamlet show any signs of selfish motives in his actions or inactions? Which protagonist seems more learned? wiser? more religious? more loving? more incestuous? Which seems to be a better murder investigator? Does Oedipus have any of Claudius motives when he kills the king, Laius? Then

The Effects Of Drugs And Alcohol On Pregnant Women And...

The Effects of Drugs and Alcohol on Pregnant Women and Babies When hearing about babies born addicted to drugs or babies born after being previously exposed to alcohol, most people are appalled and slightly outraged. Pregnant women who are exposed to drugs and alcohol are risking the welfare of their unborn child because most everything the mother puts in her body gets passed on to the baby either by passing through the placental barrier or the umbilical cord. Drugs are considered any substance that makes a change to the physiological aspects of the body. Some drugs that affect pregnant women include caffeine, over the counter drugs, tobacco, and illegal drugs such as cocaine or methamphetamine. Based on the definition of a drug, alcohol is considered a drug. Alcohol has many adverse side effects for pregnant women and their babies. These adverse side effects from alcohol usually stay with these babies through their lives and have lasting effects. The use of substances that are consi dered to be drugs while pregnant is advised against because of the side effects caused to the baby. However, some women choose to ignore these advisements. What Are Drugs? Drugs are any substance that alters the physiology of the body. (McKim and Hancock 2013) Drugs can range from coffee to alcohol and the substances considered over the counter drugs to illegal drugs. A large number of substances deemed to be drugs have many addictive qualities. These addictive qualities lead to chronicShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Drug Use On Infants1572 Words   |  7 PagesDrug Use on Newborns Many women abuse drugs whether they are pregnant or not. In both cases, many women are unaware of the consequences of what drugs can do to their body. However, for pregnant women, the situation is completely different. â€Å"Studies show that using drugs -- legal or illegal -- during pregnancy has a direct impact on the fetus† (Gaither 1). In simpler terms, drug use not only affects their own lives but also affects the lives of their unborn children. For the sake of enjoymentRead MorePregnancy and the Dangers of Drug Use1353 Words   |  6 PagesDangers of Drug Use i Pregnancy and the Dangers of Drug Use Sarah McVicker Psychology 201 Lifespan Development Professor Sally Vyain October 7, 2007 Pregnancy and the Dangers of Drug Use It is very important for a mother to lead a healthy lifestyle when she becomes pregnant. She must eat healthy, get lots of rest, and exercise regularly. It is even more imperative that she avoids things that may harm her or potentially her baby. Amongst things she must avoid, alcohol, cigarettesRead MoreWhy Pregnant Substance Abuse Should Be Treated As A Major Issue1441 Words   |  6 Pagesreasons why pregnant substance abuse should be treated as a major issue. The effects of substance abuse on the mother, fetus, and the overall pregnancy can range from none to extremely harmful. Women who use drugs during their pregnancy commonly give birth to â€Å"crack babies† or â€Å"drug babies†. These babies can have developmental disabilities or other birth defects. The mother may give birth to a premature infant, underweight infant, or even have a stillborn birth. The drug use of a pregnant woman hasRead MoreThe Effects of Alcoholism During Pregnancy Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Alcoholism During Pregnancy The hazardous dangers of alcoholism during pregnancy have been known for decades. However, even with the vast information given to pregnant mothers, with labeled warnings on every alcoholic beverage, pregnant women still continue to pick up the bottle of alcohol, continuing their journey to the destruction of their bodies and the road of dangers for the unborn child. Perhaps every person who has little to no knowledge in healthRead MoreSubstance Abuse During Pregnancy?952 Words   |  4 PagesSubstance abuse during pregnancy can range in variation from prescription drugs to non-prescription drugs to even alcohol. Substance abuse is more common during pregnancy than most people realize. This type of abuse is more common amongst pregnant women. Most the time substance abuse is hard to find in women. Pregnant women who go through substance abuse usually don’t seek any medical help. If an expecting mother uses any kind of drug it can result in many complications. Some complications that are a resultRead MoreHow Substance Abuse Negatively Affects The Baby While During1328 Words   |  6 Pagesnegatively affects the baby while during a woman’s pregnancy. Many women across the world cause complications to their unborn child when they choose to abuse substance. There are many types of substance abuse such as alcohol, tobacco, and drug abuse. Most likely when women choose to engage in these types of activities it causes harm to the child and birth defects. Long term and short term deformities and conditions are present in the child. Other factors play a part into why women abuse substance suchRead MoreMany Women Across The World Cause Complications To Their1657 Words   |  7 PagesMany women across the world cause complications to their unborn child when they choose to abuse substance. There are many types of substance abuse such as alcohol, tobacco, and drug abuse. Most likely when women choose to engage in these types of activities it causes harm to the child and birth defects. Long term and short term deformities and conditions are present in the child. Other factors play a part into why women abuse, substance such as stress, depre ssion, and mental issues. More treatmentRead MoreThe Effects Of Marijuana On Pregnant Women And On A Fetus1247 Words   |  5 Pagesresearches are educating pregnant women about the danger of cigarettes, alcohol and the potential negative effects of cigarettes, alcohol on fetus development. However, scarce research directly addresses specific effects of marijuana on pregnant women because women who use marijuana also tend to smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol and more likely to use other drugs such as cocaine and heroin. Thus, it is difficult to identify the precise effects of marijuana on pregnant women and on a fetus (LeemaqzRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1269 Words   |  6 Pagesresearches educating pregnant women about the danger of cigarettes, alcohol and women are also aware of the potential negative effects of cigarettes, alcohol on fetus development. However, not many the data or research addresses specific effects of marijuana on pregnancy women because women who use marijuana also tend to smoke cigarettes and are more likely to use other drugs such as cocaine and alcohol. Thus, it is difficult to identify the precise effects of marijuana on pregnant women and fetus (LeemaqzRead MorePrenatal Development And Development Of A Fetus1591 Words   |  7 Pagesthe age and nutrition of the mother, exercise, and stress levels. On behalf of environmental factors that can have a negative effect on growth and development of the fetus, teratogens which are substances in the environment that can have a harmful effect on the development of the fetus (Stein, Kline Kharrazi, 1984) are the main environmental threats. The detrimental effects of teratogens depend on many different factors such as the amount of exposure that the fetus is in contact with, heredity, and

Economies of Scale Free Essays

Detroit and some of its surrounding areas as Windsor and Ontario, represent a huge factor in the economy of the United States by being one of the major cities where trade takes place. General Motors, Ford and Chrysler also known as Americas ‘Big Three’ automobile companies are located in this city. The concept of External Scale Economies can help us explain why these three major companies are located in this area. We will write a custom essay sample on Economies of Scale or any similar topic only for you Order Now Scales economies are important for a country because they represent a growth in its economy. Companies are able to produce more products or services at a lower cost of input. External scale economies are based on the size of an entire industry within a specific geographic area. †1 These companies bulk in one specific area in this case Detroit, causing a decrease in the cost of the inputs by sharing some of these with the other surrounding companies, â€Å"this way the output of the industry within the area is larger†2 But how did Detroit turned out to be the spot for these major companies? Detroit’s location gave it the advantage to start growing as a transportation hub in the very beginning. At the end of 19th century Detroit had shipping, shipbuilding and manufacturing industries, but what gave Detroit the main advantage for the businesses to settle there were the natural resources that it owned which eventually led automobile industries to be interested in this place for what meant for them: the external factors which provided a reduction in the firm’s cost. Some of these factors were coal, iron, and copper mining, Detroit was also easily accessible by water and by land; and it was near the nation’s leading, well-established production centers. One of Detroit’s strength was certainly the external factors mentioned above; it guided important industries towards its direction becoming what is now known as a global symbol. The agglomeration of these three big automobile companies has allowed the achievement of an external scale economy therefore a benefit for the United States’ economy. Notes 1. Thomas A. Pugel, â€Å"Chapter 6 Scale Economies, Imperfect Competition, and Trade†, International Economics, 15th Edition: Page 94 2. Ibid 3. Thomas J. Sugrue, Motor city: The story of Detroit. http://www. gilderlehrman. org/history-by-era/politics-reform/essays/motor-city-story-detroit How to cite Economies of Scale, Essay examples

Economies of Scale Free Essays

Detroit and some of its surrounding areas as Windsor and Ontario, represent a huge factor in the economy of the United States by being one of the major cities where trade takes place. General Motors, Ford and Chrysler also known as Americas ‘Big Three’ automobile companies are located in this city. The concept of External Scale Economies can help us explain why these three major companies are located in this area. We will write a custom essay sample on Economies of Scale or any similar topic only for you Order Now Scales economies are important for a country because they represent a growth in its economy. Companies are able to produce more products or services at a lower cost of input. External scale economies are based on the size of an entire industry within a specific geographic area. †1 These companies bulk in one specific area in this case Detroit, causing a decrease in the cost of the inputs by sharing some of these with the other surrounding companies, â€Å"this way the output of the industry within the area is larger†2 But how did Detroit turned out to be the spot for these major companies? Detroit’s location gave it the advantage to start growing as a transportation hub in the very beginning. At the end of 19th century Detroit had shipping, shipbuilding and manufacturing industries, but what gave Detroit the main advantage for the businesses to settle there were the natural resources that it owned which eventually led automobile industries to be interested in this place for what meant for them: the external factors which provided a reduction in the firm’s cost. Some of these factors were coal, iron, and copper mining, Detroit was also easily accessible by water and by land; and it was near the nation’s leading, well-established production centers. One of Detroit’s strength was certainly the external factors mentioned above; it guided important industries towards its direction becoming what is now known as a global symbol. The agglomeration of these three big automobile companies has allowed the achievement of an external scale economy therefore a benefit for the United States’ economy. Notes 1. Thomas A. Pugel, â€Å"Chapter 6 Scale Economies, Imperfect Competition, and Trade†, International Economics, 15th Edition: Page 94 2. Ibid 3. Thomas J. Sugrue, Motor city: The story of Detroit. http://www. gilderlehrman. org/history-by-era/politics-reform/essays/motor-city-story-detroit How to cite Economies of Scale, Essay examples

Remuneration Report Analysis- Free-Samples-Assignmenthelp.com

Question: Write a report on Common Wealth Bank Australia. Answer: Introduction CBA is one of the largest banks in Australia serving common public across the globe. The company reports the Remuneration as a message from the directors to the shareholders in their annual report each year and while doing this it takes care of the various reporting requirements set around the globe. Individual Report Company Name Being a bank the business of the company becomes more open to the public and hence the public disclosure of the remuneration policies, basis and the impact becomes very important for the stakeholders. As mentioned in the annual report the company follows performance based approach for the remuneration which is also dependent on certain success factors linked to stakeholders and customer satisfaction at large. The company had evaluated the performance as short term/long term goals based on which the executives are evaluated. (Sigler, 2011) Performance Measurement The remuneration outcome were on a positive side where Short term incentives were given based on the measurement of performance of the group. These measurement lead to some reductions in STI leading ti lower values compared to the last year results. The company has a separate Group Leadership Award plan (GRLP) to award the executives and these are the equity awards given which can be vested over the 4 year period. There had been certain change in the remuneration policies in the current year where the management focused more on changes to performance measures to make it more robust and achieve long term superior performance from the executives group. Some changes that came up were: Individual Level Assessment of STI based on performance scorecards defining the individual outcomes and driving the goals of the management The GRLP will be linked to feedback from the community and the people which will form as one of the factors for measuring performance and would have the weightage of 25% in determination of the same. Annual Report can be accessed here: https://www.commbank.com.au/content/dam/commbank/about-us/shareholders/pdfs/annual-reports/2016_Annual_Report_to_Shareholders_15_August_2016.pdf The team size of the executives include 11 Non - Executive directors, 11 group executives and a managing director which form the structure of the leaders of the company. There is a team set up which forms the remuneration committee and mainly made up of non-executive directors of the company which can be termed as independent directors of the company. This committee is focused on the various regulatory reforms in the build of the remuneration structure, KPIs for the various roles of the executives and best market practices along with monitory of the long term incentives of the group executives as well. (Yatim*, 2015) The details of the remuneration policy which the company provides to the executives falls under three categories: Fixed Remuneration: This is already a prefixed amount which is being decided as a part of the employment of the executives and form the small components of the overall payouts. This is made of base remuneration and superannuation. This mainly includes cash salary and other salary sacrifice items. This is being decided by with the recommendations of the board and has an annual increment of around 0.9%. for the same roles executives Short term Incentive at Risk- Along with this fixed incentives the company is already proposing SIT where the target is equal to 100% of the fixed remuneration. This will be based on the balanced scorecard approach and the overall performance of the company as a whole. The eligible executives of STI get the amount of 50% in cash and balance is being deposited in the bank at normal deposit rates which will be forfeited in case of resignation by them. Thus deferred component is kept to manage the risks of the company as a whole Long Term Incentive at Risk- This is also awarded as a 100% of their fixed remuneration after evaluating the performances. These incentives haves a 4 years vesting period and are measured against Total Return that shareholders receive (TSR) and customer satisfaction performance hurdles. Each right that vests help the employees to get one share of CBA but the same cannot be sold and no dividend is received unless that rights vests. Sign off And Retention Awards- The sign off awards are mainly paid to the employees who are joining to compensate for the incentives already given during the year along with some retention awards which are paid as a part of retention of skills already at hand. These awards were not given in the current year. The company had specifically called out that at risk components are purely based on performance against key financial and non-financial measures (Khalid, 2014) Key Measures of Performance. These incentives are all linked to the performance goals which can be defined as below: STI In order to retain the high caliber executives these plans are linked to the goals and should be congruent to the goals that are defined over the period of time which mainly ten to protect the interest of the shareholders of the company The company uses the balanced scorecard approach for adjudging the performance of the employees individually and also as a group in order to achieve the desired goals of the organization. This evaluation is done based on the financial and non-financial incentives along with some weightage to it. The executives who are managing the production are paid 40% based on financial outcomes and other executives managing support functions are paid 25% of the financial outcomes. This financial benchmark to measure the performances of the financial nature is mainly the profits along with the risk of capital taken for getting those profits so mainly these risk adjusted profits are being used for the determination of the performance of the executives based on which STI is decided The various performance indicators as used by the company are: Profits of the Group after tax adjusted with PACC and risk % Customer Satisfaction under Retail, Business, Institutional and Wealth. The above target was met in the current year. Technology Strategic Execution- This is one of the non - financial measure that the bank takes a step of for innovation and create of the design of the various services covering the security chain and competing with peers of their platforms. People- Management of the people with talent and leadership and developing them with the development of the human resource goals. Productivity- The group aims that the processes are simplified to achieve best results along with optimization of the costs of the company to achieve the target goals and also these savings can be invested into better plans and increase the benefits and values of the firm. The company was able to pay 112% of the STI targets of the current year due to the achievement of the financial and non-financial measures than the desired levels. (Jensen, 2014) LTI As part of GRLP explained above the company tends to strengthen the long term goals as ell for which these LTIs are being launched backed up by various performance linked measures. This is purely based upon the Total Shareholders return the company is paying to shareholders and customer satisfaction hurdles of the company and the factors seems to be justified based on the nature of the incentives given by the company in this regards. The TSR forms the 75% of the performance award and Customer satisfaction forms 25% of the overall awards of the company given to the executives. The result of these measures during the year were 0% amount was vested against the Total Sharing Return method. 5% vesting happened under the customer satisfaction matrix At an overall level 20.3% of the overall award was vested by the executives in the current FY. These vesting was done over the performance over the 4 year period of these executives over the 4 year performance period of the employees. These review done should be helpful to performance hurdles and deliver value to executives and helpful to the performance of the company. The GRLP reward rights are being granted over the four year performance period to the employees and this award has four features namely the instruments that can be vested in the future , the determination of the award to the executives who has rights for that and the measurement of the performance period of the company. These customer satisfaction is measured based on the various research parameters namely Roy Morgan research, DRM Financial Services and Wealth Insights service level report. (Gomez-mejia1, 2015) These awards are subject to risk and compliance review of the board and is always at the discretion of the board to determine the outcomes of the corporate structuring event or the capital event. These rights are liable to expire at the end of the vesting period. The company in the current FY had levied some additional hurdles on the performance named as People and Community and continuous evaluation of the executive performance over the two and three year period to ensure continuous feedback. (Deschenes, 2015) Outside News There was a recent article where people were refraining for taking the shares of the company, the reason being Some regulations bringing a good amount of taxes in the name of Big Bank Tax The margins look a bit on a lower side in the current situation hence the caution flag is raised. Cycle effects- Where some factors tend to pull out the good results and post some seasonal items that would impact the results on an overall level. Long term Return to Shareholders As discussed above one of the parameters of the remuneration is shareholders return it can be seen by the dividends of the company and also the profits which are good levels of 30% in the current year but as the same were not distributed the total vesting was 0% in the current year and hence there were no results arising out of this. (McChaery, 2015) Financial and Non - Financial Measures The company had focused on the financial and the non - financial measures based on the respective group of the executives managing different level of work and hence needs the same to be addressed equally by the company and the same had been done by them and hence it needs a proper justification of the same. The overall health of the remuneration policy is well justified by the approach. (kang, 2015) Goals Congruence Policy Measurement. The overall goals and congruence of the company is being managed by the measures set by the company to achieve its goals and the same is being managed by the policies set by the effectiveness board and the overall policies used to measure the employees of the company as a whole. Conclusion The policies displayed by the report of CBA shows a very transparent disclosure of the policies followed by the regular reviews of these and dependence on external factors strengthen the policy as well. Bibliography Deschenes, S., 2015. s top-management remuneration influenced by board characteristics. International Journal of Accounting Information Management,, pp. 60-79. Gomez-mejia1, L. R., 2015. Managerial Control, Performance, and Executive Compensation. Academy of Managament Journal, pp. 1-1. Jensen, M. C., 2014. Management compensation and the managerial labor market. Internation Institute of Economic, 1(1), pp. 3-9. kang, L. S., 2015. How is managerial remuneration determined in India. 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